This is the extent of the commonality; schemes vary widely in areas such as the number of sequences, the attribution of meaning to individual sequences, and the means of incrementing the sequences.

In some schemes, sequence-based identifiers are used to convey the significance of changes between releases. Changes are classified by significance level, and the decision of which sequence to change between releases is based on the significance of the changes from the previous release, whereby the first sequence is changed for the most significant changes, and changes to sequences after the first represent changes of decreasing significance.

Depending on the scheme, significance may be assessed by lines of code changed, function points added or removed, the potential impact on customers in terms of work required to adopt a new version, risk of bugs or undeclared breaking changes, degree of changes in visual layout, the number of new features, or almost anything the product developers or marketers deem to be significant, including marketing desire to stress the “relative goodness” of the new version.

Semantic versioning aka SemVer [1] is a widely-adopted version scheme [6] that uses a three-part version number Major. Patch , an optional pre-release tag, and an optional build meta tag.

In this scheme, risk and functionality are the measures of significance. Breaking changes are indicated by increasing the major number high risk ; new, non-breaking features increment the minor number medium risk ; and all other non-breaking changes increment the patch number lowest risk. The presence of a pre-release tag -alpha, -beta indicates substantial risk, as does a major number of zero 0. As an example of inferring compatibility from a SemVer version, software which relies on version 2.

Developers may choose to jump multiple minor versions at a time to indicate that significant features have been added, but are not enough to warrant incrementing a major version number; for example Internet Explorer 5 from 5.

This may be done to emphasize the value of the upgrade to the software user, or, as in Adobe’s case, to represent a release halfway between major versions although levels of sequence based versioning are not necessarily limited to a single digit, as in Blender version 2. A different approach is to use the major and minor numbers, along with an alphanumeric string denoting the release type, e. A software release train using this approach might look like 0. It is a common practice in this scheme to lock out new features and breaking changes during the release candidate phases, and for some teams, even betas are locked down to bug fixes only, to ensure convergence on the target release.

Again, in these examples, the definition of what constitutes a “major” as opposed to a “minor” change is entirely subjective and up to the author, as is what defines a “build”, or how a “revision” differs from a “minor” change.

Shared libraries in Solaris and Linux may use the current. A similar problem of relative change significance and versioning nomenclature exists in book publishing, where edition numbers or names can be chosen based on varying criteria. In most proprietary software, the first released version of a software product has version 1. Some projects use the major version number to indicate incompatible releases.

Often programmers write new software to be backward compatible , i. This enables people who run a high availability computer cluster to keep most of the computers up and running while one machine at a time is shut down, upgraded, and restored to service. Often packet headers and file format include a version number — sometimes the same as the version number of the software that wrote it; other times a “protocol version number” independent of the software version number.

The code to handle old deprecated protocols and file formats is often seen as cruft. Software in the experimental stage alpha or beta often uses a zero in the first “major” position of the sequence to designate its status.

However, this scheme is only useful for the early stages, not for upcoming releases with established software where the version number has already progressed past 0. Semantic versioning actually does not specify specific terms for development stages; the comparison is simply in lexicographical order.

There are two schools of thought regarding how numeric version numbers are incremented. Most free and open-source software packages, including MediaWiki , treat versions as a series of individual numbers, separated by periods, with a progression such as 1.

On the other hand, some software packages identify releases by decimal numbers: 1. The standard GNU version numbering scheme is major. In some cases, developers may decide to reset the major version number. This is sometimes used to denote a new development phase being released. For example, Minecraft Alpha ran from version 1. Once the game was fully released, the major version number again reset to 1. When printed, the sequences may be separated with characters. The choice of characters and their usage varies by the scheme.

The following list shows hypothetical examples of separation schemes for the same release the thirteenth third-level revision to the fourth second-level revision to the second first-level revision : [ original research? When a period is used to separate sequences, it may or may not represent a decimal point—see ” Incrementing sequences ” section for various interpretation styles. There is sometimes a fourth, unpublished number which denotes the software build as used by Microsoft. Adobe Flash is a notable case where a four-part version number is indicated publicly, as in Some companies also include the build date.

Version numbers may also include letters and other characters, such as Lotus Release 1a. Some projects use negative version numbers. Many projects use a date-based versioning scheme called Calendar Versioning aka CalVer [18]. Ubuntu Linux is one example of a project using calendar versioning; Ubuntu This has the advantage of being easily relatable to development schedules and support timelines.

Some video games also use date as versioning, for example the arcade game Street Fighter EX. At startup it displays the version number as a date plus a region code, for example ASIA. The hyphens are sometimes omitted. The Wine project formerly used a date versioning scheme, which used the year followed by the month followed by the day of the release; for example, “Wine “.

Microsoft Office build numbers are an encoded date: [20] the first two digits indicate the number of months that have passed from the January of the year in which the project started with each major Office release being a different project , while the last two digits indicate the day of that month. So is the 19th day of the 34th month after the month of January of the year the project started. Other examples that identify versions by year include Adobe Illustrator 88 and WordPerfect Office When a year is used to denote version, it is generally for marketing purposes, and an actual version number also exists.

The Python Software Foundation has published PEP — Version Identification and Dependency Specification, [21] outlining their own flexible scheme, that defines an epoch segment, a release segment, pre-release and post-release segments and a development release segment. TeX has an idiosyncratic version numbering system. The current version is 3. This is a reflection of TeX being very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. In a similar way, the version number of Metafont asymptotically approaches e.

During the era of the classic Mac OS , minor version numbers rarely went beyond “. When they did, they usually jumped straight to “. Mac OS X departed from this trend, in large part because “X” the Roman numeral for 10 was in the name of the product. As a result, all versions of OS X began with the number The first major release of OS X was given the version number Instead, it was numbered Thus the 11th major version of OS X was labeled ” Even though the “X” was dropped from the name as of macOS Under the “X”-based versioning scheme, the third number instead of the second denoted a minor release, and additional updates below this level, as well as updates to a given major version of OS X coming after the release of a new major version, were titled Supplemental Updates.

The Roman numeral X was concurrently leveraged for marketing purposes across multiple product lines. Like Mac OS X itself, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand-new programs. As with OS X, major releases for these programs incremented the second digit and minor releases were denoted using a third digit.

Apple’s next macOS release, provisionally numbered The Microsoft Windows operating system was first labelled with standard version numbers for Windows 1. After this Microsoft excluded the version number from the product name.

In Apple Computer, Inc. Microsoft Corp. Judge William Schwarzer dropped all but 10 of Apple’s claims of copyright infringement, and ruled that most of the remaining 10 were over uncopyrightable ideas. On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 2. Windows 3. A few months after introduction, Windows 3.

A “multimedia” version, Windows 3. This version was the precursor to the multimedia features available in Windows 3. The features listed above and growing market support from application software developers made Windows 3.

Support was discontinued on December 31, Its API was incompatible with Windows. Version 1. They cooperated with each other in developing their PC operating systems, and had access to each other’s code.

After an interim 1. Microsoft would later imitate much of it in Windows Still, much of the system had bit code internally which required, among other things, device drivers to be bit code as well. It also removed Real Mode, and only ran on an or better processor. Later Microsoft also released Windows 3. In and , Microsoft released Windows for Workgroups WfW , which was available both as an add-on for existing Windows 3.

Windows for Workgroups included improved network drivers and protocol stacks, and support for peer-to-peer networking. There were two versions of Windows for Workgroups, WfW 3. Unlike prior versions, Windows for Workgroups 3. All these versions continued version 3. Even though the 3. The Windows API became the de facto standard for consumer software. On December 31, , Microsoft declared Windows 3. Meanwhile, Microsoft continued to develop Windows NT.

This successor was codenamed Cairo. In hindsight, Cairo was a much more difficult project than Microsoft had anticipated and, as a result, NT and Chicago would not be unified until Windows XP —albeit Windows , oriented to business, had already unified most of the system’s bolts and gears, it was XP that was sold to home consumers like Windows 95 and came to be viewed as the final unified OS.

Driver support was lacking due to the increased programming difficulty in dealing with NT’s superior hardware abstraction model. This problem plagued the NT line all the way through Windows Programmers complained that it was too hard to write drivers for NT, and hardware developers were not going to go through the trouble of developing drivers for a small segment of the market.

Additionally, although allowing for good performance and fuller exploitation of system resources, it was also resource-intensive on limited hardware, and thus was only suitable for larger, more expensive machines. However, these same features made Windows NT perfect for the LAN server market which in was experiencing a rapid boom, as office networking was becoming common.

Windows NT version 3. The Win32 API had three levels of implementation: the complete one for Windows NT, a subset for Chicago originally called Win32c missing features primarily of interest to enterprise customers at the time such as security and Unicode support, and a more limited subset called Win32s which could be used on Windows 3.

Thus Microsoft sought to ensure some degree of compatibility between the Chicago design and Windows NT, even though the two systems had radically different internal architectures. Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel , influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

As released, Windows NT 3. The 3. Support for Windows NT 3. After Windows 3. The Win32 API first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard bit programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a technique known as ” thunking “.

A new object-oriented GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other aspects of the release notably Plug and Play slipped. Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to bit; parts of it remained bit albeit not directly using real mode for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time.

Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing environment. These factors eventually began to impact the operating system’s efficiency and stability.

Microsoft marketing adopted Windows 95 as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24, Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft DOS, secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from the system and MS DOS 7 would be loaded briefly as a part of the booting process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in enhanced mode, with a flat bit address space and virtual memory.

These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 gigabytes of virtual RAM with another 2 GB reserved for the operating system , and in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory space of other Win32 applications.

Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows Unlike with Windows 3. Microsoft case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft’s part. Some companies sold new hard drives with OSR2 preinstalled officially justifying this as needed due to the hard drive’s capacity. The first Microsoft Plus! Microsoft ended extended support for Windows 95 on December 31, Microsoft released the successor to NT 3. It was Microsoft’s primary business-oriented operating system until the introduction of Windows Microsoft ended mainstream support for Windows NT 4.

Both editions were succeeded by Windows Professional and the Windows Server Family, respectively. This edition was succeeded by Windows XP Embedded. On June 25, , Microsoft released Windows 98 code-named Memphis , three years after the release of Windows 95 , two years after the release of Windows NT 4.

USB support in Windows 98 is marketed as a vast improvement over Windows The release continued the controversial inclusion of the Internet Explorer browser with the operating system that started with Windows 95 OEM Service Release 1. The action eventually led to the filing of the United States v. Microsoft case, dealing with the question of whether Microsoft was introducing unfair practices into the market in an effort to eliminate competition from other companies such as Netscape.

In , Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim release. One of the more notable new features was the addition of Internet Connection Sharing , a form of network address translation , allowing several machines on a LAN Local Area Network to share a single Internet connection.

Hardware support through device drivers was increased and this version shipped with Internet Explorer 5. Many minor problems that existed in the first edition were fixed making it, according to many, the most stable release of the Windows 9x family. Mainstream support for Windows 98 and 98 SE ended on June 30, , and ended extended support on July 11, It has the version number Windows NT 5. Windows has had four official service packs.

It was successfully deployed both on the server and the workstation markets. Amongst Windows ‘s most significant new features was Active Directory , a near-complete replacement of the NT 4. Terminal Services , previously only available as a separate edition of NT 4, was expanded to all server versions.

A number of features from Windows 98 were incorporated also, such as an improved Device Manager, Windows Media Player , and a revised DirectX that made it possible for the first time for many modern games to work on the NT kernel.

Windows is also the last NT-kernel Windows operating system to lack product activation. While Windows upgrades were available for Windows 95 and Windows 98, it was not intended for home users.

It was the last DOS-based operating system from Microsoft. Windows Me introduced a new multimedia-editing application called Windows Movie Maker , came standard with Internet Explorer 5. System Restore was a notable feature that would continue to thrive in all later versions of Windows.

Windows Me was conceived as a quick one-year project that served as a stopgap release between Windows 98 and Windows XP. Many of the new features were available from the Windows Update site as updates for older Windows versions System Restore and Windows Movie Maker were exceptions. Windows Me was criticized for stability issues, as well as for lacking real mode DOS support, to the point of being referred to as the “Mistake Edition. The initial release was met with considerable criticism , particularly in the area of security , leading to the release of three major Service Packs.

Service Pack 2 provided significant improvements and encouraged widespread adoption of XP among both home and business users. Windows XP was one of Microsoft’s longest-running flagship operating systems, beginning with the public release on October 25, , for at least 5 years, and ending on January 30, , when it was succeeded by Windows Vista.

On April 25, , Microsoft launched Windows Server , a notable update to Windows Server encompassing many new security features, a new “Manage Your Server ” wizard that simplifies configuring a machine for specific roles, and improved performance. It is based on the Windows NT 5. A few services not essential for server environments are disabled by default for stability reasons, most noticeable are the “Windows Audio” and “Themes” services; users have to enable them manually to get sound or the ” Luna ” look as per Windows XP.

The hardware acceleration for display is also turned off by default, users have to turn the acceleration level up themselves if they trust the display card driver. Among the new features are a number of management features for branch offices, file serving, printing and company-wide identity integration. Windows Server R2, an update of Windows Server , was released to manufacturing on December 6, The other CD adds many optionally installable features for Windows Server The R2 update was released for all x86 and x64 versions, except Windows Server R2 Enterprise Edition, which was not released for Itanium.

It is designed to use the expanded bit memory address space provided by the x86—64 architecture. Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is based on the Windows Server codebase, with the server features removed and client features added. It is only available to Software Assurance customers. The aim of WinFLP is to give companies a viable upgrade option for older PCs that are running Windows 95, 98, and Me that will be supported with patches and updates for the next several years.

Most user applications will typically be run on a remote machine using Terminal Services or Citrix. While being visually the same as Windows XP, it has some differences.

For example, if the screen has been set to 16 bit colors, the Windows recycle bin icon and some XP bit icons will show. Paint and some games like Solitaire aren’t present too. Windows Home Server code-named Q, Quattro is a server product based on Windows Server , designed for consumer use.

In addition, FBackup lets you add your own files and folders to a backup job. You can exclude certain data from a job by specifying a word in the folder or file name, as well as the type of file extension. Two backup types are supported in the free edition: Full and Mirror. A full backup compresses every file into ZIP folders, while a mirror creates an exact replica of the files in non-compressed form.

Both allow encryption. Backup jobs are created using a built-in interface that corresponds with the Task Scheduler service in Windows to run a backup at times like once, weekly, at logon, or when idle. Once a job completes, FBackup can be set to hibernate, sleep, shutdown, or log off Windows.

A backup can be restored using a simple restore utility that comes built-in, which lets you restore everything or individual files to their original location or a new one. You also have the option to restore only the latest version of the files, or to run filters to restore specific file types. While testing FBackup, we found that it downloaded quickly but took a bit longer than usual to install. It can also be installed on Windows Server , , , , and HDClone Free Edition can back up an entire disk or a select partition, to an image file.

Using the Setup for Windows download will let the program run inside Windows. You’re also able to back up one disk or partition to another, but it will overwrite the data on the destination drive.

Some features, like choosing a compression level and encrypting a backup, appear to be supported but are unfortunately only available in the paid version. With Macrium Reflect, partitions can be backed up to an image file or copied directly to another drive.

This file can be saved to a local drive, network share, external drive, or burned directly to a disc. You can even add more than one backup location to build a fail-safe in the event that a destination becomes invalid. You can schedule a full backup on a schedule so every day, week, month, or year, a backup will be made of any drive, including the one with Windows installed. A backup job can also be scheduled to run at startup or log on. To restore a backed up image to a drive with Windows installed, you must use the Macrium Reflect program to build a Windows or Linux rescue disc, both of which can restore an MRIMG file.

You can also mount the backup as a virtual drive that mimics a local one, allowing you to browse through the backed up files and folders and copy out anything you want.

The program should work on all versions of Windows. We tested it in Windows 10 and Windows 8. Determine if you are running a bit or bit version of Windows to know which option you should choose on the download page. Make sure to select one of the blue download links since the red ones are for the paid editions.

A backup image can be built into one file or separated into chunks for easier placement on media like CDs and DVDs. You have the option to back up a drive’s used data or the used and unused portions of the disk. Restoring a backup is really easy with ODIN because you just select the disk that should be restored and then load the backup file. Freebyte Backup can back up multiple folders at a time to any local, external, or network drive. A backup can’t be compressed or encrypted with this program.

Scheduling isn’t built-in either, but you can make a few changes to how the program launches as well as use an external scheduling program to make it work. You can filter a backup job so that files with particular extensions get copied, leaving out all the rest. There’s also an option to only back up files that have been modified after a particular date and time, as well as a toggle to turn on incremental backups.

Freebyte Backup is said to work only with Windows Vista, XP, and older versions of Windows, but we tested it in Windows 10 and 8 without any issues. Freebyte Backup downloads as a ZIP file. Inside is the portable version FBBackup. CloneZilla Live is a bootable disc that can back up an entire hard drive to either an image file or another disk. This program is text-based, so you won’t find regular menu options or buttons. You can compress a backup image, split it into custom sizes, and even check a hard drive for errors using a free hard drive testing tool before creating an image.

Restoring a backup with CloneZilla Live involves taking the regular backup process steps but doing so in reverse. It sounds confusing, but following the on-screen instructions makes it pretty easy. Karen’s Replicator is easy to use, simple folder backup utility that supports a local, external, or network drive as a backup destination. Data is backed up using a regular copy method without encryption or password options, which means you can browse through a backup like you would any other folder in Explorer.

Options let you exclude subfolders from a backup, filter out certain files by their extension, avoid backing up particular directories, and schedule backup jobs. You can also decide whether or not Karen’s Replicator should delete files from a backup if they’re removed from the source folder.

The interface of Karen’s Replicator is a bit outdated but it didn’t interfere with backups or our ability to find settings. Personal Backup can back up data to a folder on an external or local drive, FTP site, or network share.

When selecting the files to be backed up, Personal Backup only allows single files to be added at a time. You can keep adding more, but only one can actually be chosen at a time, which can slow down the process of creating a backup job. You can , however, select whole folders, and context menu integration is supported. A backup can be built as an archive for each and every file, creating many ZIP files, or as a single archive which contains all the data.

Options are available for encryption, compression, and file types that should be excluded from compression. Personal Backup allows a total of 16 backup jobs to be created, each of which can have their own scheduling options and incremental or differential backup type. To use Personal Backup, you must download the proper bit or bit version that matches your version of Windows.

We find Personal Backup to be very cluttered, making it hard to find what you’re looking for because nearly all the settings are simply thrown into the program interface with seemingly no organization.

However, it does update a lot, which is a good sign that it’s constantly trying to improve. The bit version runs on Windows 11, 10, 8, and 7, as well as Windows Server R2, , , and Windows Vista and XP users can install the bit version. Incremental backups are also supported. Settings are available to compress a backup and manage how much splitting, if any, should be done to cut the backup into smaller pieces.

Restoring data is as easy as selecting the backup image and choosing the drive to restore it to. Also, the setup file is over MB, so it could take some time to finish downloading. Take note that you need to register for a free user account on their website before you can fully use the program.

That, or log in via another account when you first open the program, like your Google account. There is no restore function, and everything that’s on the destination disk is wiped clean before XXCLONE beings backing up the source drive’s files. You’re able to adjust the speed of the backup as well as make the destination drive bootable.

We tested this program in Windows 10, 8 and 7, but it should also work for Windows 11, Vista, and XP. PING is a program that runs straight off bootable media like a disc.

It lets you back up one or more partitions to a file. There isn’t a graphical interface when using PING, so you must be somewhat comfortable with a text-only navigation screen to use this program. You have the option to back up partitions to a local or external drive as well as to a network share or FTP server. When selecting the correct source and destination drive for a backup or restore, it’s actually a bit difficult to determine which drive is which.

PING does not show you the name of the drive or the size, but instead just the first few files that are located on the disk. This is only slightly helpful when determining the right disk to select. You can compress a backup and optionally set it up for incremental backups in the future, both of which are options you’re asked before starting a backup. When restoring a backup with PING, you’re required to know the exact path of the backed up files.

You’re unable to “browse” for the files like you can when an operating system is loaded, so you must know the exact path to the files to successfully restore them. After logging in on the download page, choose the stand-alone ISO link. This program, nor backing up in general, has anything to do with the more commonly known computer term ping , as in the ping command. Areca Backup makes it simple to add new files to a backup job by supporting drag and drop. You can save a backup to any internal drive, FTP site, or network folder.

Backing up to external hardware is not supported. We’ve ranked Areca Backup this low on the list because it isn’t as easy to use as most of the other programs you see here. Visit the Areca official website for tutorials and manuals. We were able to get this program to work with Windows 10, 7, and XP, but it may also work in other versions of Windows.

CopyWipe is a backup program that can run outside of Windows on a disc or from within Windows like a regular program, though both options are text-only, non-GUI versions.

It backs up entire hard drives to other hard drives, supporting both internal and external devices like flash drives. You can copy hard drives even if they’re different sizes by choosing to scale drives or do a raw copy so that everything is copied, both used and unused space. You must confirm a copy before starting, which is a good thing, but CopyWipe doesn’t provide any identifiable details to differentiate between the drives, which means you must use Disk Management to know which one is Hard Drive 0 , Hard Drive 1 , etc.

We tested the most recent version in Windows 10, 8, and 7, and it worked just as advertised so long as the program ran as an administrator. It should also work for Windows 11 and older versions of Windows. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your device and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests.

 
 

 

Windows Server – Wikipedia

 

Software versioning is the process of assigning either unique version names or unique version numbers to unique states of computer software. Within a given version number category e. At a fine-grained level, revision control is often used for keeping track of incrementally-different versions of information, whether or not this information is computer software.

Modern computer software is often tracked using two different software versioning schemes: an internal version number that may be incremented many times in a single day, such as a revision control number, and a release version that typically changes far less often, such as semantic versioning [1] or a project code name.

File numbers were used especially in public administration, as well as companies, to uniquely identify files or cases. Later lists of files including their versions were added, and dependencies amongst them. Linux distributions like Debian, with its dpkg , early on created package management software which could resolve dependencies between its packages. Debians first try was that a package knew other packages which depend on it. From on this idea was reverted, so a package knew the packages it needed.

When installing a package, dependeny resolution was used to automatically calculate the packages needed as well, and install them with the desired package. To facilitate upgrades, minimum package versions were introduced. Thus the numbering scheme needed to tell which version was newer than the required one. A variety of version numbering schemes have been created to keep track of different versions of a piece of software.

The ubiquity of computers has also led to these schemes being used in contexts outside computing. In sequence-based software versioning schemes, each software release is assigned a unique identifier that consists of one or more sequences of numbers or letters. This is the extent of the commonality; schemes vary widely in areas such as the number of sequences, the attribution of meaning to individual sequences, and the means of incrementing the sequences.

In some schemes, sequence-based identifiers are used to convey the significance of changes between releases. Changes are classified by significance level, and the decision of which sequence to change between releases is based on the significance of the changes from the previous release, whereby the first sequence is changed for the most significant changes, and changes to sequences after the first represent changes of decreasing significance.

Depending on the scheme, significance may be assessed by lines of code changed, function points added or removed, the potential impact on customers in terms of work required to adopt a new version, risk of bugs or undeclared breaking changes, degree of changes in visual layout, the number of new features, or almost anything the product developers or marketers deem to be significant, including marketing desire to stress the “relative goodness” of the new version.

Semantic versioning aka SemVer [1] is a widely-adopted version scheme [6] that uses a three-part version number Major. Patch , an optional pre-release tag, and an optional build meta tag. In this scheme, risk and functionality are the measures of significance. Breaking changes are indicated by increasing the major number high risk ; new, non-breaking features increment the minor number medium risk ; and all other non-breaking changes increment the patch number lowest risk. The presence of a pre-release tag -alpha, -beta indicates substantial risk, as does a major number of zero 0.

As an example of inferring compatibility from a SemVer version, software which relies on version 2. Developers may choose to jump multiple minor versions at a time to indicate that significant features have been added, but are not enough to warrant incrementing a major version number; for example Internet Explorer 5 from 5.

This may be done to emphasize the value of the upgrade to the software user, or, as in Adobe’s case, to represent a release halfway between major versions although levels of sequence based versioning are not necessarily limited to a single digit, as in Blender version 2. A different approach is to use the major and minor numbers, along with an alphanumeric string denoting the release type, e. A software release train using this approach might look like 0.

It is a common practice in this scheme to lock out new features and breaking changes during the release candidate phases, and for some teams, even betas are locked down to bug fixes only, to ensure convergence on the target release. Again, in these examples, the definition of what constitutes a “major” as opposed to a “minor” change is entirely subjective and up to the author, as is what defines a “build”, or how a “revision” differs from a “minor” change.

Shared libraries in Solaris and Linux may use the current. A similar problem of relative change significance and versioning nomenclature exists in book publishing, where edition numbers or names can be chosen based on varying criteria. In most proprietary software, the first released version of a software product has version 1. Some projects use the major version number to indicate incompatible releases. Often programmers write new software to be backward compatible , i.

This enables people who run a high availability computer cluster to keep most of the computers up and running while one machine at a time is shut down, upgraded, and restored to service.

Often packet headers and file format include a version number — sometimes the same as the version number of the software that wrote it; other times a “protocol version number” independent of the software version number. The code to handle old deprecated protocols and file formats is often seen as cruft.

Software in the experimental stage alpha or beta often uses a zero in the first “major” position of the sequence to designate its status. However, this scheme is only useful for the early stages, not for upcoming releases with established software where the version number has already progressed past 0.

Semantic versioning actually does not specify specific terms for development stages; the comparison is simply in lexicographical order. There are two schools of thought regarding how numeric version numbers are incremented.

Most free and open-source software packages, including MediaWiki , treat versions as a series of individual numbers, separated by periods, with a progression such as 1. On the other hand, some software packages identify releases by decimal numbers: 1.

The standard GNU version numbering scheme is major. In some cases, developers may decide to reset the major version number. This is sometimes used to denote a new development phase being released. For example, Minecraft Alpha ran from version 1.

Once the game was fully released, the major version number again reset to 1. When printed, the sequences may be separated with characters. The choice of characters and their usage varies by the scheme. The following list shows hypothetical examples of separation schemes for the same release the thirteenth third-level revision to the fourth second-level revision to the second first-level revision : [ original research? When a period is used to separate sequences, it may or may not represent a decimal point—see ” Incrementing sequences ” section for various interpretation styles.

There is sometimes a fourth, unpublished number which denotes the software build as used by Microsoft. Adobe Flash is a notable case where a four-part version number is indicated publicly, as in Some companies also include the build date.

Version numbers may also include letters and other characters, such as Lotus Release 1a. Some projects use negative version numbers. Many projects use a date-based versioning scheme called Calendar Versioning aka CalVer [18]. Ubuntu Linux is one example of a project using calendar versioning; Ubuntu This has the advantage of being easily relatable to development schedules and support timelines.

Some video games also use date as versioning, for example the arcade game Street Fighter EX. At startup it displays the version number as a date plus a region code, for example ASIA. The hyphens are sometimes omitted. The Wine project formerly used a date versioning scheme, which used the year followed by the month followed by the day of the release; for example, “Wine “. Microsoft Office build numbers are an encoded date: [20] the first two digits indicate the number of months that have passed from the January of the year in which the project started with each major Office release being a different project , while the last two digits indicate the day of that month.

So is the 19th day of the 34th month after the month of January of the year the project started. Other examples that identify versions by year include Adobe Illustrator 88 and WordPerfect Office When a year is used to denote version, it is generally for marketing purposes, and an actual version number also exists.

The Python Software Foundation has published PEP — Version Identification and Dependency Specification, [21] outlining their own flexible scheme, that defines an epoch segment, a release segment, pre-release and post-release segments and a development release segment.

TeX has an idiosyncratic version numbering system. The current version is 3. This is a reflection of TeX being very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. In a similar way, the version number of Metafont asymptotically approaches e. During the era of the classic Mac OS , minor version numbers rarely went beyond “.

When they did, they usually jumped straight to “. Mac OS X departed from this trend, in large part because “X” the Roman numeral for 10 was in the name of the product. As a result, all versions of OS X began with the number The first major release of OS X was given the version number Instead, it was numbered Thus the 11th major version of OS X was labeled ” Even though the “X” was dropped from the name as of macOS Under the “X”-based versioning scheme, the third number instead of the second denoted a minor release, and additional updates below this level, as well as updates to a given major version of OS X coming after the release of a new major version, were titled Supplemental Updates.

The Roman numeral X was concurrently leveraged for marketing purposes across multiple product lines. Like Mac OS X itself, the products were not upgrades to previous versions, but brand-new programs.

As with OS X, major releases for these programs incremented the second digit and minor releases were denoted using a third digit.

Apple’s next macOS release, provisionally numbered The Microsoft Windows operating system was first labelled with standard version numbers for Windows 1. After this Microsoft excluded the version number from the product name. For Windows 95 version 4. After Windows , Microsoft created the Windows Server family which continued the year-based style with a difference: For minor releases, Microsoft suffixed “R2” to the title, e.

This style had remained consistent to this date. The client versions of Windows however did not adopt a consistent style. First, they received names with arbitrary alphanumeric suffixes as with Windows ME 4. Then, once again Microsoft adopted incremental numbers in the title, but this time, they were not versioning numbers; the version numbers of Windows 7 , Windows 8 and Windows 8. In Windows 10 , the version number leaped to The successor of Windows 10, Windows 11 , was released on October 5, Despite being named “11”, the new Windows release didn’t bump its major version number to

 
 

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